24 May 2012
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"Bacterial/Viral Coinfections";
TLR2 (fungi)Signaling Depletes IRAK1 and Inhibits Induction of Type 1 by TLR7/9 (viruses)-- -CV Harding, 2012 (More in the chart at the bottom of this homepage)
"Multiple Mechanisms of Immune Suppression by B Lymphocytes" (New and Trashes Yale and IDSA)
NIH's Treatment Recommendations for Chronic Active Epstein-Borreliosis, the chronic illness also induced by OspA vaccination or exposure to molds.
ELISA = arbitrary cutoff.
Disclaimer
1998, CIA Oilmen & Israelis plan to overthrow Saddam for the oil.
Bush/Gore Oil/War-(Oct,2000)
Bush's own explainer (Oct
2000) re:
Iraq Oil
Under construction 26 Aug 06
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Underconstruction 11/26/03
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION --- US PATENT NO
6,403,093 Persing, Mayo Foundation
Human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (HGE) is a recently described illness caused by
a bacterial species that is phylogenetically similar to, or conspecific with, an
ehrlichial genogroup comprising the veterinary pathogens Ehrlichia
equi and E. phagocytophilia (Chen et al., J. Clin. Micro., 32, 589 (1994);
Dumler et al., J. Clin. Micro., 33, 1098 (1995)). The only vectors demonstrated
to transmit the HGE agent are Ixodes sp. ticks, although anecdotal evidence
suggests that the American dog tick (Dermacentor variabilis) may also be
implicated in HGE transmission. HGE typically presents as an acute febrile
illness with headache, myalgias, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and elevated
levels of alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, and aminotransferases
(Bakken et al., JAMA, 272, 212 (1994); Bakken et al., JAMA, 275, 199 (1996);
Pancholi et al., J. Infect, Dis, 172, 1007 (1995); Telford et al., Proc. Natl.
Acad. Sci USA, 93, 6209 (1996)). Severe cases, when left untreated, may be
fatal.
See: Antigenic Variation in Ehrlichia
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=768
(Anaplasma, Rickettsia, Bartonella, Brucella, Mycoplasma,Wolbachia, etc...
| Mt Sinai J Med. 2003 May;70(3):197-206. | Related Articles, Links |
Laboratory aspects of tick-borne diseases: lyme, human granulocytic ehrlichiosis and babesiosis.
Aguero-Rosenfeld ME.
Clinical Laboratories, Room 1J-11a, Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, NY 10595; E-mail: m_aguero-rosenfeld@nymc.edu
Lyme disease, human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (HGE) and babesiosis are emerging infections in the northeastern and midwestern United States, where Ixodes scapularis ticks are prevalent. Lyme disease and babesiosis have also been reported on the West Coast, but less frequently. Lyme disease presents frequently with a skin lesion known as erythema migrans (EM), and diagnostic tests are not necessary if the lesion is classical. Those patients presenting without EM or with atypical skin lesions may need laboratory confirmation. The most frequently used laboratory modality consists of the 2-step serological assays, employing a sensitive ELISA as a first step, followed by IgG and/or IgM immunoblots. Current guidelines for interpretation are those recommended by the CDC. HGE and babesiosis are febrile illnesses with non-specific signs and symptoms. Both infections may present with routine laboratory abnormalities, including leukopenia and/or thrombocytopenia in HGE and anemia in babesiosis. Moderate elevations of liver enzymes may occur in all three tick-borne infections. Specific diagnostic modalities for acute-phase HGE include buffy coat smear examination, culture and PCR. Culture appears to have the greatest sensitivity of the three tests. Babesiosis can be diagnosed by peripheral blood examination for the intraerythrocytic parasites, PCR or serology. Co-infections with these agents exist, but they should be documented by detection of the organisms rather than by serology, since seroprevalence rates are high in endemic areas.
PMID: 12764539 [PubMed - in process]
Remember: We had to wait from 1995 to 2001 to hear about the validity of Ed Master's Lone STARI Tick "Lyme disease", to which the patent was granted Alan Barbour, a CDC officer (Barbour's STARI patent, 1995- now listed in the Taxonomy database as B. barbouri). There is no serodiagnosis for it. Durland Fish has a new Borrelia, which is completely stealth.
The United States government CDC watches the eastern coastal islands for the arrival of new tick-borne diseases coming over from Africa on sea birds, and Durland Fish tested the vector competence of African Swine Fever virus with Ixodes ticks on Plum Island. Borrelia and birds. It's probably birds and mice, if deer and mice are not primary mammalian hosts. Anderson says Deer, Telford says No. The data suggests there's no point in calling which species is the mammalian sink-- apparently now we all are, it's just the most spirochetemic species which will transfer back the spirochete to the tick, since the burgdorferi group are tissue, rather than serorelapsing (Magnarelli and Anderson: mice and chipmunks; feral rodents/spleens, ∫ = birds and spleens).
Clearly, since we never get the real truth out of the CDC, what they have to say about new vector borne diseases cannot be believed. Do your own investigations. Remember primers are just that; code taken already from knowns. The DNA of the new organisms must be sequenced nucleotide by nucleotide, and should not be amplified from segments of knowns. This "detection by packaged-primers" method will sure miss new species, and any such new data generated by the CDC using this method is probably also therefore be garbage. Maybe we wait for the vaccine to be patented and trials begun to hear of a new disease, and the BOGUS qualification method, such as was Dearborn, has passed CDC approval, such as what happened with LymeRIX.
Rickettsia and Immune Suppression MEDLINE (again, pick a topic, go "RELATED")
Emerging and Exotic Diseases of Animals
Bunyaviridae and ixodes (hanta, etc)
EBOLA (bats, skunks, etc...)
COINFECTIONS
| Verh K Acad Geneeskd Belg 1999;61(6):649-59 | Related Articles, Links |
[Report of the first congress of the "European Society for Emerging Infections". (Budapest, 13-16 September 1998)] [Article in Dutch]
Huygelen C.
The first congress of the recently founded European Society for Emerging Infections was held in Budapest from 13 to 16 September 1998. About 200 physicians, veterinarians, biologists and microbiologists attended this meeting. The euphoria of the 1970's with respect to infectious diseases is now gone. During the last twenty years about thirty new infections agents have been identified and re-emergence of old diseases which had disappeared to a large extent, has been reported in many countries. Most newly emerging diseases in man are of zoonotic origin or are closely related to disease in animal (wild or domestic) showing a parallel pathology. The nature of the etiologic agents varies widely: prions, viruses, chlamydia, rickettsiae, bacteria, protozoa etc. Several factors play a role in the emergence: mutations of the agents themselves; changing habits of man as the host: travel, sexual habits, etc.; modifications of the climate or environment can influence the expansion of vectors. The subjects discussed at the congress covered a wide field of diseases and agents: plague, retroviruses, antibiotic-resistant bacteria, influenza, lyme borreliosis, tick-borne encephalitis, hantaviruses, rickettsioses and ehrlichiose, transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, Borna, lyssaviruses, E. coli, protozoa, chlamydia, etc. Publication Types: Congresses PMID: 10655775 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Quick and Dirty
NIH Entrez-Taxonomy Browser [search for tick vectored diseases: borrelia, rickettsia (anaplasma, erhlichia), flavivirus (powassan, TBE), hantavirus, orthomyxovirus (thogoto), parvovirus, piroplasms (babesia, theileria), tularemia, coxiella, microfilariae...]
BABESIA http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=5864
Note how many different strains there are, even in the USA. Click on North American Dog, and then click on Nucleoptide 1. It is Ribosomal DNA that makes the distinction.
ERHLICHIA: (perform the same operation, as above in Babesia) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=nucleotide&list_uids=5802281&dopt=GenBank
See "RARE DISEASES": Ehrlichiosis, "Rare Diseases", NIH, 1996
California coyote strain.
Go to the Patent Office and type in "babesia" and select "abstract"
http://patft.uspto.gov/netahtml/search-bool.html
Click patent number 6,214,971. It belongs to Corixa. See also Enterprise. Corixa, Imugen, and Glaxo-SmithKline are in partnership. We hope they don't again try to spin a disease, based on the intended commercial outcome of the patent, which was what was done with LYMErix and "Lyme disease".
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NEW-- and recently identified in the United States
| Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2002 Summer;2(2):69-75 | Related Articles, Links |
Identification of Ctenocephalides felis fleas as a host of Rickettsia felis, the agent of a spotted fever rickettsiosis in Yucatan, Mexico.
Zavala-Velazquez JE, Zavala-Castro JE, Vado-Solis I, Ruiz-Sosa JA, Moron CG, Bouyer DH, Walker DH.
Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico.
In search for the vector of the recently recognized spotted fever rickettsiosis of the Yucatan, ticks, fleas, and lice were collected from vegetation and dogs in localities where seropositive persons had been found. The arthropods were examined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using primers for the genus-specific 17-kDa protein gene followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and DNA sequencing. Eleven (20%) of 54 pools of Ctenocephalides felis fleas contained DNA of Rickettsia felis. None of 219 Amblyomma cajennense, 474 Rhiphicephalus sanguineus, 258 Boophilus sp. ticks, and 33 Poliplax species lice contained DNA of Rickettsia. The identity of the rickettsial DNA was confirmed as R. felis by PCR/RFLP for the citrate synthase and outer membrane protein A genes and by DNA sequencing. The results indicate that the host of R. felis in Yucatan is C. felis and suggest that the spotted fever rickettsiosis that has infected >5% of the population of the Yucatan and can present as a dengue-like illness is likely to be caused by R. felis.
PMID: 12653300 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
ARBOVIRUSES: Arbovirus is short for arthropod-borne virus. http://www.astdhpphe.org/infect/arbovirus.html
RNA Viruses: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=11051
Any blood sucking arthropod has the potential to transmit an arbovirus.
It is certain, that the public is not aware of them all.
PUBMED "tick-borne encephalitis and United States" LIMITS: 1960 to 1980
If the CDC had a hand in spinning Lyme
disease, and CDC does not change their "Lyme disease" serodiagnostic criteria to
suit reality and the species/strains, and CDC has a hand in not letting on to
the public that the MMR vaccines cannot possibly protect against encephalitis
(particularly, Rubella strain failure), one can be sure, we won't learn much
new, about what viruses are found in ticks. All we can do, is demand the
right DNA/RNA sequencing work is done.
UNKNOWNS/COINFECTIONS (in addition to viral, bacterial knowns)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12459246&dopt=Abstract
J Microbiol Methods 2003 Feb;52(2):251-60
Application of broad-range 16S rRNA PCR amplification and DGGE
fingerprinting for detection of tick-infecting bacteria.
"Two sequences were related to the yet to be cultivated Haemobartonella.
To our knowledge, Haemobartonella has never been directly detected in I.
ricinus.
"In addition, members of the genera Staphylococcus, Rhodococcus,
Pseudomonas, and Moraxella were detected, which have not been identified
in ticks so far.
"Two bacteria were most closely related to a rickettsial endosymbiont of
an Acanthamoeba sp., and to an endosymbiont (Legionellaceae, Coxiella
group) of the microarthropod Folsomia candida.
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