24 May 2012
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Natural Remedies
"Bacterial/Viral Coinfections";
TLR2 (fungi)Signaling Depletes IRAK1 and Inhibits Induction of Type 1 by TLR7/9 (viruses)-- -CV Harding, 2012 (More in the chart at the bottom of this homepage)
"Multiple Mechanisms of Immune Suppression by B Lymphocytes" (New and Trashes Yale and IDSA)
NIH's Treatment Recommendations for Chronic Active Epstein-Borreliosis, the chronic illness also induced by OspA vaccination or exposure to molds.
ELISA = arbitrary cutoff.
Disclaimer
1998, CIA Oilmen & Israelis plan to overthrow Saddam for the oil.
Bush/Gore Oil/War-(Oct,2000)
Bush's own explainer (Oct
2000) re:
Iraq Oil
UPDATED FEB 2, 2004
PFIZER VALUES: http://www.pfizer.com/are/mn_about_vision.html
INTEGRITY, INNOVATION, RESPECT, CUSTOMER FOCUS, TEAMWORK, LEADERSHIP, COMMUNITY
All strains were sensitive to azithromycin (MICs ≤ 4 mg/L) and all were sensitive to ciprofloxacin and trovafloxacin (MICs ≤ 0.5 mg/L). However, ten strains (2.5%) were resistant to nalidixic acid (MIC ≥ 4 mg/L).
WHY TROVAN IS NOW MISSING IN ACTION:
Antimicrobial therapy for bacillus anthracis-induced polymicrobial infection in (60)Co gamma-irradiated mice.
Elliott TB, Brook I, Harding RA, Bouhaouala SS, Shoemaker MO, Knudson GB.
Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical Interactions and Countermeasures Research Team, Radiation Medicine Department, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20889-5603, USA. Elliot@afrri.usuhs.mil
Challenge with both nonlethal ionizing radiation and toxigenic Bacillus anthracis spores increases the rate of mortality from a mixed bacterial infection. If biological weapons, such as B. anthracis spores, and nuclear weapons were used together, casualties could be more severe than they would be from the use of either weapon alone. We previously discovered that a polymicrobial infection developed in B6D2F(1)/J mice after nonlethal (7-Gy) (60)Co gamma irradiation and intratracheal challenge with B. anthracis Sterne spores 4 days after irradiation. In this present study, we investigated the survival of mice and the response of the polymicrobial infection during the course of antimicrobial therapy with penicillin G procaine, ofloxacin, trovafloxacin, or gatifloxacin. Survival was prolonged, but not ensured, when the mice were treated with either broad-spectrum ofloxacin or narrow-spectrum penicillin G for 7 days beginning 6 or 24 h after challenge. Survival was not prolonged when therapy was delayed more than 24 h after challenge. When these two antimicrobial agents were given for 21 days, the survival rate was increased from 0% for the controls to 38 to 63% after therapy. Therapy with trovafloxacin or gatifloxacin reduced the incidence of mixed infection and improved the rate of survival to 95% (trovafloxacin) or 79% (gatifloxacin), whereas the rate of survival for the controls was 5%. We conclude that the mixed infection induced by B. anthracis in irradiated mice complicates effective therapy with a single antimicrobial agent. To limit mortality following nonlethal irradiation and challenge with B. anthracis spores, antimicrobial therapy needs to be initiated within a few hours after challenge and continued for up to 21 days.
TROVAN IS NOW NOT COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE IN THE US,
as of this summer, IN THE IV FORM.
It is appropriate for antibiotic-resistant staph:
Correlation between the activity of different fluoroquinolones and the presence of mechanisms of quinolone resistance in epidemiologically related and unrelated strains of methicillin-susceptible and -resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
Sierra JM, Marco F, Ruiz J, Jimenez de Anta MT, Vila J.
Institut Clinic d'Infeccions i Immunologia, IDIBAPS, Departament de Microbiologia, Facultat de Medicina, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain.
OBJECTIVE: To study the activity of five different fluoroquinolones against 22 epidemiologically related and unrelated strains of Staphylococcus aureus (13 methicillin-resistant (MRSA) strains and nine methicillin-susceptible (MSSA) strains) in which the mechanisms of quinolone resistance are also investigated. METHODS: The MICs of the different fluoroquinolones were determined by the microdilution method, in the presence and absence of reserpine. The quinolone resistance-determining regions of the gyrA, gyrB, grlA and grlB genes were amplified and sequenced to establish the presence of mutations. The molecular epidemiology of the 22 strains was performed by low-frequency restriction analysis of chromosomal DNA with SmaI. RESULTS: MSSA strains showed lower homology than MRSA strains, in which only two clones were seen. Trovafloxacin showed the best activity against these clinical isolates of S. aureus, since strains carrying one amino acid change in both GyrA and GrlA subunits remained susceptible to this antimicrobial agent. Furthermore, trovafloxacin did not seem to be a substrate for NorA. CONCLUSION: Trovafloxacin was the most active quinolone tested against S. aureus strains, followed by levofloxacin and sparfloxacin, whereas ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin were the least active quinolones, in both the presence and absence of reserpine. Epidemiologically related S. aureus strains presented different mechanisms of quinolone resistance, suggesting a divergent evolution of the same clone. Finally, 16 S. aureus strains with a ciprofloxacin plus reserpine MIC > or = 1 mg/L already showed a mutation in the grlA gene. This MIC may be useful as a marker of mutation in this gene, contraindicating the use of this quinolone, since a second mutation may develop during treatment.
PMID: 12519351 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
TROVAN, Bacterial Meningitis
Safety and Efficacy (Generally Superior),
TROVAFLOXACIN AND BACILLUS
In-vitro activity of trovafloxacin against clinical bacterial isolates from patients with cancer.
Rolston KV, Ho DH, LeBlanc B, Streeter H, Dvorak T.
Section of Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030, USA.
The antibacterial activity of trovafloxacin was compared with that of ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, ofloxacin, sparfloxacin and norfloxacin against bacterial isolates from patients with cancer. In general, the activity of trovafloxacin was comparable to that of ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin and sparfloxacin against most Gram-negative isolates tested (minor differences in the activity of each agent against individual species were seen) and it was the most active agent tested against Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, inhibiting 80% of these isolates at <2.0 mg/L. Trovafloxacin was also the most active agent tested against Gram-positive organisms, including ciprofloxacin-susceptible strains and most ciprofloxacin- and methicillin-resistant staphylococci and enterococci. It was much more active than ciprofloxacin against streptococci, including Streptococcus pneumoniae and the viridans streptococci, and was also active against Bacillus cereus and Listeria monocytogenes, inhibiting all isolates at a concentration of <0.5 mg/L.
PMID: 9222065 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
TROVAFLOXACIN AND RICKETTSIA_MEDLINE
MEDLINE, TROVAFLOXACIN AND COXIELLA
Quinolone treatment for pediatric bacterial meningitis: a comparative study of trovafloxacin and ceftriaxone with or without vancomycin.
Saez-Llorens X, McCoig C, Feris JM, Vargas SL, Klugman KP, Hussey GD, Frenck RW, Falleiros-Carvalho LH, Arguedas AG, Bradley J, Arrieta AC, Wald ER, Pancorbo S, McCracken GH Jr, Marques SR; Trovan menigitis Study Group.
BACKGROUND: Trovafloxacin is a new fluoroquinolone that exhibits good penetration into the central nervous system and excellent antimicrobial activity against common meningeal pathogens, including beta-lactam-resistant pneumococci. PURPOSE AND DESIGN: A multicenter, randomized clinical trial was conducted in children with bacterial meningitis to compare the safety and efficacy of trovafloxacin with that of ceftriaxone with or without vancomycin therapy. RESULTS: A total of 311 patients, ages 3 months to 12 years, were enrolled, of whom 203 were fully evaluable, 108 treated with trovafloxacin and 95 with the conventional regimen. Both groups were comparable with regard to baseline characteristics: age; cerebrospinal fluid findings; use of dexamethasone; history of seizures; and etiologic agents. No significant differences between trovafloxacin and the comparator, respectively, were detected in any of the following outcome measures: clinical success at 5 to 7 weeks after treatment (79% vs. 81%); deaths (2% vs. 3%); seizures after enrollment (22% vs. 21%); and severe sequelae (14% vs. 14%). Only 4 of 284 children developed joint abnormalities up to 6 months after treatment, 1 (0.9%) child received trovafloxacin and 3 (3.1%) received the comparator regimen. None of the evaluable patients experienced significant abnormalities of liver function during treatment. One nonevaluable patient who received trovafloxacin for 5 days and ceftriaxone for 11 days was readmitted to the hospital with hepatitis of unknown etiology 1 day after discharge. The episode resolved with liver function tests returning to normal within 2 months. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that trovafloxacin is an effective antibiotic for treatment of pediatric bacterial meningitis. These favorable results support further evaluation of fluoroquinolone therapy for children with meningitis or other serious bacterial infections.
PMID: 11791092 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
